Diagnosis of the Forcing and Structure of the Coastal Jet near Cape Mendocino Using In Situ Observations and Numerical Simulations

Several flights were conducted by the University of Wyoming King Air near Cape Mendocino, California, during June 2004 to examine finescale features of the coastal low-level jet (CJ) that frequently forms during summer over the ocean off the West Coast of the United States. The primary goal of these flights was to measure the horizontal pressure gradient force (PGF) and hence to determine the forcing of the CJ directly. By flying a series of redundant legs on an isobaric surface, heights of the pressure surface can be obtained from radar altimeter measurements and refined position estimates from an onboard global positioning system receiver. The slope of the isobaric surface height is proportional to the PGF. Results are shown for the 22 June 2004 case study conducted to the south of Cape Mendocino. The forcing of a CJ under weak synoptic forcing and the role of the elevated terrain near Cape Mendocino are explored. Ten isobaric legs approximately 70 km in length and directed east–west were conducted near the level of the maximum CJ wind speed. The vertical structure of the CJ was obtained from sawtooth legs conducted along an east–west flight leg. Numerical simulations have been performed for this case using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5) for comparison with in situ measurements. Model simulations show pressure perturbations in the vicinity of the cape as the northerly winds associated with the CJ interact with the coastal topography. Close agreement is found between in situ measurements and MM5 analyses of the various state parameters and the PGF along the east–west flight track in the lee of Cape Mendocino. Strong variation in the PGF is observed along the flight path. Large ageostrophic accelerations are present in response to the adjustment of the CJ with Cape Mendocino, reflecting the force imbalance between the observed PGF and Coriolis force.